Reading the Skull: Advanced 2D Reconstruction [Team-IRA]

ویرایش: [1 ed.] 
نویسندگان: Natalie Murry  
سری:  
ISBN (شابک) : 1032259108, 9781032259109 
ناشر: CRC Press 
سال نشر: 2023 
تعداد صفحات: 217
[227] 
زبان: English 
فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) 
حجم فایل: 60 Mb 

قیمت کتاب (تومان) : 48,000



While there are a handful of introductory texts and resources on 2D drawing for facial identification and

reconstruction, most often they don’t go beyond this cursory presentation of the subject. There is need for an

advanced text available for artists who wish to learn more about reading and understanding the skull to inform

more accurate and detailed 2D craniofacial reconstruction work.

Reading the Skull: Advanced 2D Reconstruction fills this need by providing instruction on how to identify basic

features, as well as indicators and anomalies in bone structures, to help in illustrating more specific and unique

details in facial structure and features. Since artists are most frequently visual learners, the book presents comparative

photos of skulls with life photos to help better identify and decipher distinguishing facial characteristics.

Because many forensic artists perform few reconstructions each year― and have very little exposure to skulls―

the author has written this text to show examples of distinct elements in the skull for artists to see, compare,

and learn. In doing so, it provides those who do not regularly work with skulls more exposure to them and

allows readers the ability to apply such information and better extrapolate features for the purpose of more

accurately rendering an individual’s unique facial features. When examining the skull closely, each feature can

be more detailed based on what the bone is indicating, and the work can be more accurate to that specific

skull. Characteristics such as the ears, facial harmony and symmetry, shape of eye and brow, nose and mouth,

the aging process, sex and ancestral background― among others― are all singular to that skull and adds to the

gestalt of that face to make it more identifiable as an individual.

Reading the Skull is a ground- breaking collection of the author’s personal study and research, other published

works from the literature on facial features, as well as numerous examples from donors to forensic anthropology

centers in the US. Work presented draws upon new information from anthropologists and others in related fields

and disciplines who continue to study facial features based on the skull. As such, it provides a fresh perspective,

summarizing several studies and work together in a single book.

Natalie Murry is a freelance forensic artist currently based in Austin, Texas. She began her forensic art career

while working as a police officer in Kent Washington. She does reconstructions and postmortem drawings for the

King County Medical Examiner’s Office in Seattle Washington, and the Snohomish County Medical Examiner’s

Office in Everett Washington. She has taught forensic artists to draw digitally at workshops at police departments

from Washington to New Jersey as well as at Scottsdale Artists School and at the Forensic Anthropology Center

at Texas State University. Natalie is on the forensic art subcommittee for the International Association for

Identification, and is an IAI certified forensic artist. She has had two articles published in the Journal of Forensic

Identification: in September/ October 2015 entitled “Rotating the Anterior View of a Skull into the Frankfort

Horizontal Plane for Postmortem Drawings” and in April/ June 2021 entitled “Skull to Photo Comparison for

Identification Purposes.” She has been a beta tester for Corel Painter since the 2016 build. Her work can be

seen on her website, www.natal iemu rry.com, on Instagram as @NatalieMurryForensicArt, and on Facebook as

NatalieMurryForensicArt.

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Photographing the Skull
	Materials
	Photographing the Skull by Dan Lamont
	Summary
	Taking all of your photographs
	Notes
Chapter 3 The Face and Ears
	The ears
	Facial Harmony
	Analyzing the skull
	Notes
Chapter 4 Case Work
	Additional Cases
Chapter 5 The Eye and Brow
	The eyeball
	The eyelid
	The eyebrow
	The brow ridge
	The eye opening
	Aging the eye and brow
	Ancestry and gender differences
	Four eyebrow shapes in summary
	Notes
Chapter 6 The Nose
	Chris Rynn’s method
	The Two-Tangent method
	Prokopec and Ubelaker’s method
	Davy-Jow’s study
	Nostrils
	Reconstruction example case
	More information on nose shapes
	Notes
Chapter 7 The Mouth
	Drawing malocclusions
	Tooth loss
	Cupid’s bow
	Canine fossa
	Philtrum
	Infraorbital foramen
	Intercanine width
	Dentures
	Notes
Chapter 8 Facial Reconstruction in the UK
	Tissue Depth
	Eyes
	Eyebrows
	Ears
	Mouth
	Nose
	Conclusion
	Notes
Chapter 9 Traumatic Injury and Anomalies
	Missing Mandible: Jefferson method
	Artistic canons/Divine proportions
	Trauma to the skull
	Anomalies on the skull
	Notes
Chapter 10 Facial Comparison
	Note
Index